Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the current and past Presidents the AOPA, including Charles Dankmeyer, James Campbell, and Michael Oros, who together with the Prosthetics 2020 Medical Advisory Board, the Steering Committee, and all the members of the Technical Advisory Committee for their knowledge and expertise. Thanks also go to the AOPA staff, in particular, Tom Fise, Joe McTernan, and Ashlie White for their support and guidance. We want to express our gratitude to our panel of experts who helped facilitate discussions and refine our methodology, literature review, and analysis, including Andreas Kannenberg, M.D., Ph.D. (Otto Bock Healthcare LP); Kenton Kaufman, Ph.D. (Mayo Clinic); Stephen Blatchford, M.Sc., M.B.A. (Chas A. Blatchford and Sons, Ltd.); Kim De Roy, M.Ed., M.Sc. (Ossur); Michael Oros, Certified Prosthetist and Orthotist, Fellow of the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists (Scheck and Siress); Sam Liang, B.S.E., M.B.A. (Hanger Clinic); Jim Campbell, Ph.D. (Hanger Clinic); Michael Jason Highsmith, Ph.D. (Department of Veterans Affairs); David Moser, Ph.D. (Blatchford Group); Mike McGrath, Ph.D. (Blatchford Group); Saeed Zahedi, Ph.D. (Chas A. Blatchford and Sons, Ltd.); Maynard Carkhuff, B.S., M.B.A. (Freedom Innovations); Jim Colvin, B.S.E, M.S.E. (The Ohio Willow Wood Company); Robert Gailey, Ph.D. (University of Miami); and Brian Kaluf, B.S.E., Certified Prosthetist (Ability Prosthetics and Orthotics). In addition, special thanks go to David Felson, Ph.D., with the University of Manchester for his expert guidance on osteoarthritis and David Ganz, Ph.D., at the RAND Corporation for his help with the modeling of falls. We are grateful to Audrey El-Gamil and Nikolay Manolov at Dobson and DaVanzo, LLC, for their expertise and for providing information from Medicare claims data. Funding The publication cost of this article was funded by the American Orthotic and Prosthetic Association (AOPA). The sponsor helped the authors identify experts in the field to convene a technical panel but did not influence the study design, data collection, analysis, and the interpretation of findings. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its Additional file. About this supplement This article has been published as part of Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation Volume 15 Supplement 1, 2018: Advancements in Prosthetics and Orthotics: Selected articles from the Second World Congress hosted by the American Orthotic & Prosthetic Association (AOPA). The full contents of the supplement are available online at https:// jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/volume-15- supplement-1. Authors ’ contributions HL managed the study and wrote the manuscript. RC and CC convened expert panel discussions, collected data, compiled the data into a format that could be utilized for the modeling, and were major contributors to the manuscript writing. MH conducted the simulation model, helped interpreted the simulation results, and contributed to the writing of the method section. SM provided guidance during the study and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. RH provided guidance to the development and use of the simulation and critiqued the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Authors ’ information The manuscript was adapted from a RAND report, which can be downloaded here: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/ research_reports/RR2000/RR2096/RAND_RR2096.pdf . Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher ’ s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Author details 1 RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. 2 RAND Corporation, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050, USA. 3 RAND Corporation, 20 Park Plaza, Suite 920, Boston, MA 02116, USA. Published: 5 September 2018 References 1. Ziegler-Graham K, MacKenzie EJ, Ephraim PL, Travison TG, Brookmeyer R. Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(3):422 – 9. 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Limb Loss Awareness. 2015. 3. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States. In: 2004: with chartbook on trends in the health of Americans; 2004. 4. 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