Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Publisher ’ s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Published: 5 September 2018 References 1. Winter DA, Sienko SE. Biomechanics of below-knee amputee gait. J Biomech. 1988;21(5):361 – 7. 2. Nolan L, Wit A, Dudziñski K, Lees A, Lake M, Wychowañski M. Adjustments in gait symmetry with walking speed in trans-femoral and trans-tibial amputees. Gait Posture. 2003;17(2):142 – 51. 3. Schmid M, Beltrami G, Zambarbieri D, Verni G. Centre of pressure displacements in trans-femoral amputees during gait. Gait Posture. 2005; 21(3):255 – 62. 4. Hof AL, van Bockel RM, Schoppen T, Postema K. Control of lateral balance in walking. Experimental findings in normal subjects and above-knee amputees. Gait Posture. 2007;25(2):250 – 8. 5. Gailey R, Allen K, Castles J, Kucharik J, Roeder M. Review of secondary physical conditions associated with lower-limb amputation and long-term prosthesis use. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(1):15 – 29. 6. Castro MP, Soares D, Mendes E, Machado L. Plantar pressures and ground reaction forces during walking of individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation. PM&R. 2014;6(8):698 – 707. 7. Wezenberg D, Cutti AG, Bruno A, Houdijk H. Differentiation between solid- ankle cushioned heel and energy storage and return prosthetic foot based on step-to-step transition cost. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(10):1579 – 90. 8. Adamczyk PG, Kuo AD. Mechanisms of gait asymmetry due to push-off deficiency in unilateral amputees. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2015; 23(5):776 – 85. 9. Highsmith MJ, Andrews CR, Millman C, Fuller A, Kahle JT, Klenow TD, Lewis KL, Bradley RC, Orriola JJ. Gait training interventions for lower extremity amputees: a systematic literature review. Technol Innov. 2016;18(2 – 3):99 – 113. 10. Morgenroth DC, Gellhorn AC, Suri P. Osteoarthritis in the disabled population: a mechanical perspective. PM&R. 2012;4(5 Suppl):S20 – 7. 11. Vanicek N, Strike S, McNaughton L, Polman R. Gait patterns in transtibial amputee fallers vs. non-fallers: biomechanical differences during level walking. Gait Posture. 2009;29(3):415 – 20. 12. Norvell DC, Czerniecki JM, Reiber GE, Maynard C, Pecoraro JA, Weiss NS. The prevalence of knee pain and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis among veteran traumatic amputees and nonamputees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:487 – 93. 13. Struyf PA, van Heugten CM, Hitters MW, Smeets RJ. The prevalence of osteoarthritis of the intact hip and knee among traumatic leg amputees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:440 – 6. 14. Lemaire ED, Fisher FR. Osteoarthritis and elderly amputee gait. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(10):1094 – 9. 15. Burke MJ, Roman V, Wright V. Bone and joint changes in lower limb amputees. Ann Rheum Dis. 1978;37(3):252 – 4. 16. Rush PJ, Wong JS, Kirsh J, Devlin M. Osteopenia in patients with above knee amputation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(1):112 – 5. 17. Shojaei I, Hendershot BD, Wolf EJ, Bazrgari B. Persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation experience larger spinal loads during level-ground walking compared to able-bodied individuals. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2016;32:157 – 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.11.018 . 18. Yoder AJ, Petrella AJ, Silverman AK. Trunk-pelvis motion, joint loads, and muscle forces during walking with a transtibial amputation. Gait Posture. 2015;41(3):757 – 62. 19. Russell Esposito E, Wilken JM. The relationship between pelvis-trunk coordination and low back pain in individuals with transfemoral amputations. Gait Posture. 2014;40(4):640 – 6. 20. Rabuffetti M, Recalcati M, Ferrarin M. Trans-femoral amputee gait: socket- pelvis constraints and compensation strategies. Prosthetics Orthot Int. 2005; 29(2):183 – 92. 21. Hand ž i ć I, Reed KB. Perception of gait patterns that deviate from normal and symmetric biped locomotion. Front Psychol. 2015;6:199. 22. Marinakis GN. Interlimb symmetry of traumatic unilateral transtibial amputees wearing two different prosthetic feet in the early rehabilitation stage. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41(4):581 – 90. 23. Esquenazi A. Gait analysis in lower-limb amputation and prosthetic rehabilitation. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2014;25(1):153 – 67. 24. Hof AL. The ‘ extrapolated center of mass ’ concept suggests a simple control of balance in walking. Hum Mov Sci. 2008;27(1):112 – 25. 25. Powers MC, Torburn L, Perry J, Ayyappa E. Influence of prosthetic foot design on sound limb loading in adults with unilateral below-knee amputations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(7):825 – 9. 26. Snyder RD, Powers CM, Fountain C, Perry J. The effect of five prosthetic feet on the gait and loading of the sound limb in dysvascular below-knee amputees. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1995;32:309 – 15. 27. Hansen AH, Meier MR, Sessoms PH, Childress DS. The effects of prosthetic foot roll-over shape arc length on the gait of trans-tibial prosthesis users. Prosthetics Orthot Int. 2006;30(3):286 – 99. 28. Gard SA. Use of quantitative gait analysis for the evaluation of prosthetic walking performance. J Prosthet Orthot. 2006;18(6):P93 – P104. 29. Perry J, Burnfield J. Gait analysis: normal and pathological function: Thorofare: SALCK Inc.; 2010. 30. Evans JD. Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing; 1996. 31. Cutti AG, Lettieri E, Del Maestro M, Radaelli G, Luchetti M, Verni G, Masella C. Stratified cost-utility analysis of C-leg versus mechanical knees: findings from an Italian sample of transfemoral amputees. Prosthetics Orthot Int. 2017;41(3):227 – 36. 32. Segal AD, Orendurff MS, Klute GK, McDowell ML, Pecoraro JA, Shofer J, Czerniecki JM. Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of transfemoral amputee gait using C-leg and Mauch SNS prosthetic knees. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006; 43(7):857 – 70. 33. Putti AB, Arnold GP, Cochrane L, Abboud RJ. The Pedar in-shoe system: repeatability and normal pressure values. Gait Posture. 2007;25(3):401 – 5. 34. Hurkmans HL, Bussmann JB, Benda E, Verhaar JA, Stam HJ. Accuracy and repeatability of the Pedar Mobile system in long-term vertical force measurements. Gait Posture. 2006;23(1):118 – 25. 35. Dekel S, Weissman SL. Joint changes after overuse and peak overloading of rabbit knees in vivo. Acta Orthop Scand. 1978;49(6):519 – 28. 36. Guilak F. Biomechanical factors in osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2011;25(6):815 – 23. 37. Buckwalter JA, Anderson DD, Brown TD, Tochigi Y, Martin JA. The roles of mechanical stresses in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: implications for treatment of joint injuries. Cartilage. 2013;4(4):286 – 94. 38. Jarvis HL, Bennett AN, Twiste M, Phillip RD, Etherington J, Baker R. Temporal spatial and metabolic measures of walking in highly functional individuals with lower limb amputations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;98(7):1389 – 99. 39. Kaufman KR, Frittoli S, Frigo CA. Gait asymmetry of transfemoral amputees using mechanical and microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2012;27(5):460 – 5. 40. Kaufman KR, Levine JA, Brey RH, Iverson BK, McCrady SK, Padgett DJ, Joyner MJ. Gait and balance of transfemoral amputees using passive mechanical and microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees. Gait Posture. 2007;26(4):489 – 93. 41. Bateni H, Olney SJ. Kinematic and kinetic variations of below-knee amputee gait. J Prosthet Orthot. 2004;14(1):2 – 10. 42. Underwood HA, Tokuno CD, Eng JJ. A comparison of two prosthetic feet on the multi-joint and multi-plane kinetic gait compensations in individuals with a unilateral trans-tibial amputation. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2004;19:609 – 16. 43. Lehmann JF, Price R, Boswell-Bessette S, Dralle A, Questad K, deLateur BJ. Comprehensive analysis of energy storing prosthetic feet: flex foot and Seattle foot versus standard SACH foot. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(11):1225 – 31. 44. Petersen AO, Comins J, Alkjær T. Assessment of gait symmetry in transfemoral amputees using C-leg compared with 3R60 prosthetic knees. J Prosthet Orthot. 2010;22(2):106 – 12. 45. Hahn A, Lang M. Effects of mobility grade, age, and etiology on functional benefit and safety of subjects evaluated in more than 1200 C-leg trial fittings in Germany. J Prosthet Orthot. 2015;27(3):86 – 94. 46. Hafner BJ, Willingham LL, Buell NC, Allyn KJ, Smith DG. Evaluation of function, performance, and preference as transfemoral amputees transition from mechanical to microprocessor control of the prosthetic knee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(2):207 – 17. Erratum in: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 Apr;88(4):544 47. Highsmith MJ, Kahle JT, Bongiorni DR, Sutton BS, Groer S, Kaufman KR. Safety, energy efficiency, and cost efficacy of the C-leg for transfemoral amputees: a review of the literature. Prosthetics Orthot Int. 2010;34(4):362 – 77. Cutti et al. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2018, 15 (Suppl 1):61 Page 40 of 72