Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

patients with ulceration and amputation which is likely why reported risk factors were lower compared to those in our study. Perioperative cardiac event rate is reported to be higher among individuals undergoing TFA compared to those undergoing transtibial amputation, 6.8 and 3.6% re- spectively. [ 23 ] All-cause mortality as well as the risk of mortality due to cardiovascular disease in patients with transfemoral amputa- tion has been well studied in the military population. Hrubec and Ryder showed that after 15 years, the mortality rate in soldiers with a TFA was significantly higher than in the gen- eral population and in veterans with limb preservation [ 29 ] . They also showed that soldiers with bilateral TFA have a 3.5X relative risk of mortality compared to veterans who had limb salvage procedures [ 29 ] . Modan et al. evaluated the 24-year mortality rates of male traumatic lower limb ampu- tees ( n = 201) of the Israeli army compared with a cohort sample representing the general population ( n = 1832) and Table 2 Incidence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) following a transfemoral amputation Amputation Etiology Cohort MACE total (%) Coronary artery bypass Graft (%) Ischemic heart disease (%) Myocardial infarction (%) Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (%) Coronary stent placement (%) Cardiac arrest (%) Dysvascular TFA, n = 107 71 (66.4) 3 (4.2) 7 (9.9) 52 (73.2) 2 (2.8) 0 (0) 7 (9.9) Controls, n = 1070 423 (39.5) 23 (5.4) 110 (26.0) 235 (55.6) 12 (2.8) 2 (0.5) 41 (9.7) Trauma/Cancer TFA, n = 55 11 (20.0) 1 (9.1) 1 (9.1) 7 (63.6) 1 (9.1) 0 (0) 1 (9.1) Controls, n = 550 88 (16.0) 4 (4.5) 17 (19.3) 46 (5.2) 8 (9.1) 0 (0) 13 (14.8) NB: Events and percentages represent the respective proportion of those individuals experiencing a MACE Fig. 1 Time dependent probability of a major cardiovascular event (MACE) or death for individuals with a transfemoral amputation due to dysvascular disease compared to matched control subjects without an amputation Mundell et al. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2018, 15 (Suppl 1):58 Page 6 of 72